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The conflict between the dynasties of the Capetians and Plantagenets covers a period of 100 years (1159-1259), during which the Kingdom of France fought against the Angevin Empire. This conflict is also called by some historians, the "First Hundred Years War." The conflict is primarily French, since both dynasties were French, the nobles that make up the English army were essentially of French origin, and the foot soldiers of the English king were local recruits in France (Anjou, Guyenne, Normandy, Brittany etc.). At this period, the English king's continental possessions were considered more important than his island possessions, and significantly greater than even those of the French sovereign, even if the latter was the overlord of the former for most of the possessions he held on the continent. And the official language of the two belligerents is the French of that time. French also remained the official language of England until 1361. Such is the origin of the expressions that can still be found today on the shields and coat of arms of the English monarchy ''Honi soit qui mal y pense'' and ''Dieu et mon droit''. The English kings, who were of French origin, took wives from France from the 11th to the 15th century. Very rare are those who married a woman of another country, including the cadet branches. Hence the Plantagenet monarchs were ethnically French. The war began in 1159 when the armies of the Angevin Henry II of England entered Périgueux. The King of England had decided to further expand his possessions in the southwest by annexing the county of Toulouse, which includes, among others, Quercy. The war saw the gradual conquest by the Capetians of their kingdom. Indeed, the real royal power of the King of France was still not extensive, even as the suzerainty of his dynasty extended far beyond the small domain of Île-de-France. It covered almost the entire territory of France, to the marches of the Holy Roman Empire, (Seine/Morvan/Rhone Valley) to the east. ==The expansionary policy of Henry II== In 1150, Henry II received the duchy of Normandy from his father Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, and when he died in 1151, he became Count of Anjou and Maine. On May 18, 1152, he became Duke of Aquitaine in right of his wife by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine in Poitiers after her first marriage with the King of France Louis VII the Younger at the Council of Beaugency. Several children were born of this marriage. On November 6, 1153, by the Treaty of Wallingford (or Treaty of Winchester), he was recognized as the successor of King Stephen of England (Stephen of Blois before his accession to the throne). When the latter died on October 25, 1154, he ascended the throne of England under the name of Henry II. On Sunday, December 19, he was crowned at Westminster Abbey. Henry introduces some religious and legislative reforms. In 1155, he appointed Thomas Becket chancellor. In 1156, he seized the viscounty of Thouars, thereby controlling communications between the northwest and south-west France. In 1159, continuing his expansionist policy, he besieged Toulouse with the help of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona and prince of Aragon. Louis VII comes to the aid of his brother-in-law Raymond V, Count of Toulouse. Henry II withdrew, annexing part of Quercy and Cahors. Two cases will significantly tarnish his reign: *The conflict with former Chancellor Thomas Becket. The latter opposed the abolition of ecclesiastical privileges, including judicial, and the influence of the Church on the King of England. The assassination of the Archbishop of Canterbury in his cathedral in 1170 by knights who sought to please the king, greatly weakened the royal authority. *The division of his considerable territories between his sons. Eager to inherit, his sons rebelled against him with the help of their mother, the King of France, of King William the Lion of Scotland and the counts of Blois, Boulogne and Flanders. He imprisoned William the Lion in 1174 after defeating him at the Battle of Alnwick. His wife was also subjected to a long captivity. Henry acquired considerable prestige in Europe. The new King of France, Philip Augustus, however, is determined to fight Henry II, whose immense territories threatened the Capetian monarchy. The King of France allied with the surviving sons of Henry II, Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland. By the Treaty of Azay-le-Rideau 4 July 1189, Henry II must recognize his son Richard as sole heir. He died only a few days later, in his castle of Chinon. He is buried at the abbey of Fontevrault. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Capetian-Plantagenet rivalry」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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